Cancer is a global health concern with 23.6 million new cases globally in 2019, a 26.2 % increase from 2010 [1]. It is the second leading cause of death in adults after cardiovascular diseases, having caused 10 million deaths in 2019 [1]. Prostate cancer and breast cancer are the leading cancer diagnoses in males and females, respectively, while lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in both genders [1]. Multiple risk factors including genetic variants, environmental exposures such as smoking, alcohol consumption and heavy metal exposure and medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are associated with increased risk of malignancy [2].
